生物科学・医学系の英単語集
生物科学・医学系分野でよく使われる英単語や英熟語、またはよく知られた表現ながら、この分野や学術用にやや特別な意味をもった言葉のリスト。このエントリは随時更新していきます。(2008.02.15改訂)
実験用
ram
- 打ち込む、押し付ける
When using high objective magnifications (i.e. 40x), it is possible for the students to ram the objective lens into the slide, breaking the slide, and dirtying and possibly scratching the lens. (VU TA Manual)
take you through the data
- このデータの説明をすると
tight
- 隙間のない、（水など）の漏らない
light tight box （＝遮光用の箱）
trade-off
- (実験手法などにおける)代価、折り合い
It's easier for you to take the method A rather than method B. But there is a trade-off in the experimental quality. (実験中のディスカッションから)
Teaching assistant (TA) の仕事関係
nail
- （評価など）を定める
The students expect you to be professional and will nail you on evaluations if you are not. (VU TA Manual)
- creep
複合語を作り、「徐々に増えてくる」の意を示す
In paper writing by students, one problem to guard against is “size creep”. Students may include everything to make sure that they don’t miss anything. This results in bloated papers. (VU TA Manual)
answer key
- （テストなどの）解答集
attend to
- 注意深く聞く
As TAs, Display an attitude which shows that what they are doing is important--- attend to students questions, circulate around the benches. （ VU TA Manual ）
その他
address
- (課題などに)取り組む
Sensory neurons with related functions form ganglia, but how these precisely positioned clusters are assembled has been unclear. Here, we use the zebrafish trigeminal sensory ganglion as a model to address this question. (Knaut H et al., Neuron 2005)
canonical
- 広く認知された知見、科学的法則による
There are β-catenin-independent, non- canonical signaling pathways induced by Wnt, and their mechanisms of action has been described elsewhere. (Reya and Clevers. Nature 2005)
caveat
- 注意が必要な点
In the discussion part of your paper, you should discuss the results/ data and what they mean ----significance, interpretation, caveats and limits to interpretations and further experiments needed to bolster the conclusions.（ VU Rotation Coarse Guidance）
constitutive
- 酵素などが恒常的に生産、または活性化される
We investigated plasma membrane- targeting mechanisms by confocal imaging of 125 CFP-tagged constitutively active small GTPases. (Won DH et al., Science 2006)
fidelity
- (複製の)正確さ
We constructed a derivative of yeast DNA polymerase ε that retains high replication activity but has strongly reduced replication fidelity, particularly for T-dTMP but not A-dAMP mismatches. (Pursell ZF et al., Science 2007)
haploinsufficiency
- 二倍体生物のある遺伝子において、二つの遺伝子コピーの両方が働いてはじめて機能的な産物が発現すること。（より詳しい定義はたとえばWikipedia）
Using competition experiments in continuous cultures grown in different nutrient environments (glucose limited, ammonium limited, phosphate limited and white grape juice), we identified genes that show haploinsufficiency phenotypes (reduced growth rate when hemizygous) or haploproficiency phenotypes (increased growth rate when hemizygous).(Delneri D et al., Nat Genet. 2008)
harbor
- （病原菌、変異などを）保持する
mbl-/- embryos harbor a mutaiton in the axin1 gene. (Heisenberg CP et al., Genes Dev. 2001)
husbandry
- （リソースの）管理
Methods: Fish husbandry: All animals were approved by the University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Zebrafish starains used in this studey included AB, Tg,… Embryos were produced by… (Kucenas S et.al., Nat Neurosci. 2008)
naive
- よく知らない、専門家でない
"I'm naive on your reseach topic, but I have a quick question regarding your data A."
occult
- 潜在化した
It indicates that genetic disease can be present in animals that are genetically wild-type. Thus, we refer to this surprising result as hidden, or occult, genetic disease. (Hao LY et al., 2005 Cell)
pleiotropy
- 単一の遺伝子によって、独立した複数の効果が引き起こされること、多面発現性
The final stage of the cycle involves the engagement of TAM signaling, the transcription of SOCS genes, and the pleiotropic inhibition of both cytokine receptor and TLR signaling pathways. (Rothlin CV et al., Cell. 2007)
stochastic
- 確率論的な、means of, relating to, or characterized by conjecture and randomness.(Wikipedia)
We have identified a novel stochastic fate choice as part of the mechanism by which Delta/Notch signaling specifies R7 fate in the Drosophila eye. (Miller AC et al., 2008 Development)
stoichiometric
- ある化学反応における反応物と産物の間の量的関係における、化学量論における
Here we report the purification of a USP1 multisubunit protein complex from HeLa cells containing stoichiometric amounts of a WD40 repeat-containing protein, USP1 associated factor 1 (UAF1). (Cohon MA et al., Mol Cell 2007)
recapitulate
- （ある結論を、別な方法などで）また示す。再現する。
The zebrafish embryo infection model recapitulate the early stages of tuberculosis, including granuloma formation as well as the dependence on the same bacterial virulence determinants seen in the adult zebrafish and mammals (Clay H. et al Cell Host & Microbe 2007)
reconcile
- （一見矛盾するデータなどに）つじつまを合わせる。一貫性を見出す。
We propose a model of eIF4E regulation that may reconcile the contradictory findings with regard to the role of phosphorylation by Mnk1/2. (Reiling JH et al., Curr Biol. 2005)
recruit
(シグナル経路におけるコンポーネントなどを)選択的に取り入れる、結合させる
We also show that axin, a key scaffolding protein in the Wnt pathway, is required for Lrp6 phosphorylation via its ability to recruit Gsk3, and inhibition of Gsk3 at the plasma membrane blocks Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. (Zeng X et al., Development. 2008)
take home message
- （「家に持ち帰ってほしいメッセージ」の意から）
一番重要な点、つまるところ
“So then, what’s your take home?(message)”
（論文紹介セミナーでのPIから学生への最後の質問として）
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実験用
ram
- 打ち込む、押し付ける
When using high objective magnifications (i.e. 40x), it is possible for the students to ram the objective lens into the slide, breaking the slide, and dirtying and possibly scratching the lens. (VU TA Manual)
take you through the data
- このデータの説明をすると
tight
- 隙間のない、（水など）の漏らない
light tight box （＝遮光用の箱）
trade-off
- (実験手法などにおける)代価、折り合い
It's easier for you to take the method A rather than method B. But there is a trade-off in the experimental quality. (実験中のディスカッションから)
Teaching assistant (TA) の仕事関係
nail
- （評価など）を定める
The students expect you to be professional and will nail you on evaluations if you are not. (VU TA Manual)
- creep
複合語を作り、「徐々に増えてくる」の意を示す
In paper writing by students, one problem to guard against is “size creep”. Students may include everything to make sure that they don’t miss anything. This results in bloated papers. (VU TA Manual)
answer key
- （テストなどの）解答集
attend to
- 注意深く聞く
As TAs, Display an attitude which shows that what they are doing is important--- attend to students questions, circulate around the benches. （ VU TA Manual ）
その他
address
- (課題などに)取り組む
Sensory neurons with related functions form ganglia, but how these precisely positioned clusters are assembled has been unclear. Here, we use the zebrafish trigeminal sensory ganglion as a model to address this question. (Knaut H et al., Neuron 2005)
canonical
- 広く認知された知見、科学的法則による
There are β-catenin-independent, non- canonical signaling pathways induced by Wnt, and their mechanisms of action has been described elsewhere. (Reya and Clevers. Nature 2005)
caveat
- 注意が必要な点
In the discussion part of your paper, you should discuss the results/ data and what they mean ----significance, interpretation, caveats and limits to interpretations and further experiments needed to bolster the conclusions.（ VU Rotation Coarse Guidance）
constitutive
- 酵素などが恒常的に生産、または活性化される
We investigated plasma membrane- targeting mechanisms by confocal imaging of 125 CFP-tagged constitutively active small GTPases. (Won DH et al., Science 2006)
fidelity
- (複製の)正確さ
We constructed a derivative of yeast DNA polymerase ε that retains high replication activity but has strongly reduced replication fidelity, particularly for T-dTMP but not A-dAMP mismatches. (Pursell ZF et al., Science 2007)
haploinsufficiency
- 二倍体生物のある遺伝子において、二つの遺伝子コピーの両方が働いてはじめて機能的な産物が発現すること。（より詳しい定義はたとえばWikipedia）
Using competition experiments in continuous cultures grown in different nutrient environments (glucose limited, ammonium limited, phosphate limited and white grape juice), we identified genes that show haploinsufficiency phenotypes (reduced growth rate when hemizygous) or haploproficiency phenotypes (increased growth rate when hemizygous).(Delneri D et al., Nat Genet. 2008)
harbor
- （病原菌、変異などを）保持する
mbl-/- embryos harbor a mutaiton in the axin1 gene. (Heisenberg CP et al., Genes Dev. 2001)
husbandry
- （リソースの）管理
Methods: Fish husbandry: All animals were approved by the University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Zebrafish starains used in this studey included AB, Tg,… Embryos were produced by… (Kucenas S et.al., Nat Neurosci. 2008)
naive
- よく知らない、専門家でない
"I'm naive on your reseach topic, but I have a quick question regarding your data A."
occult
- 潜在化した
It indicates that genetic disease can be present in animals that are genetically wild-type. Thus, we refer to this surprising result as hidden, or occult, genetic disease. (Hao LY et al., 2005 Cell)
pleiotropy
- 単一の遺伝子によって、独立した複数の効果が引き起こされること、多面発現性
The final stage of the cycle involves the engagement of TAM signaling, the transcription of SOCS genes, and the pleiotropic inhibition of both cytokine receptor and TLR signaling pathways. (Rothlin CV et al., Cell. 2007)
stochastic
- 確率論的な、means of, relating to, or characterized by conjecture and randomness.(Wikipedia)
We have identified a novel stochastic fate choice as part of the mechanism by which Delta/Notch signaling specifies R7 fate in the Drosophila eye. (Miller AC et al., 2008 Development)
stoichiometric
- ある化学反応における反応物と産物の間の量的関係における、化学量論における
Here we report the purification of a USP1 multisubunit protein complex from HeLa cells containing stoichiometric amounts of a WD40 repeat-containing protein, USP1 associated factor 1 (UAF1). (Cohon MA et al., Mol Cell 2007)
recapitulate
- （ある結論を、別な方法などで）また示す。再現する。
The zebrafish embryo infection model recapitulate the early stages of tuberculosis, including granuloma formation as well as the dependence on the same bacterial virulence determinants seen in the adult zebrafish and mammals (Clay H. et al Cell Host & Microbe 2007)
reconcile
- （一見矛盾するデータなどに）つじつまを合わせる。一貫性を見出す。
We propose a model of eIF4E regulation that may reconcile the contradictory findings with regard to the role of phosphorylation by Mnk1/2. (Reiling JH et al., Curr Biol. 2005)
recruit
(シグナル経路におけるコンポーネントなどを)選択的に取り入れる、結合させる
We also show that axin, a key scaffolding protein in the Wnt pathway, is required for Lrp6 phosphorylation via its ability to recruit Gsk3, and inhibition of Gsk3 at the plasma membrane blocks Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. (Zeng X et al., Development. 2008)
take home message
- （「家に持ち帰ってほしいメッセージ」の意から）
一番重要な点、つまるところ
“So then, what’s your take home?(message)”
（論文紹介セミナーでのPIから学生への最後の質問として）
|
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